Global economic governance is flailing – and the Bush administration seems determined to deprive the international institutions of development, trade, and finance of any remaining legitimacy and credibility.
U.S. leadership was largely responsible for the creation of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, World Trade Organization, and the G-7 forum of industrial democracies. Today, U.S. recalcitrance and myopia are largely responsible for their mission failure.
June was a disastrous month for the multilateral entities established to manage the global economy. The latest attempt to revive the Doha Development Round of the World Trade Organization ended in bitter recriminations as the United States refused to lower its trade-distorting farm subsidies.
The U.S.-appointed World Bank president Paul Wolfowitz left the badly fractured development bank in disgrace. The G-8 forum disbanded without any hard commitments to tackle the climate change crisis or global poverty – the two major items on its "growth and responsibility" agenda.
President Bush's decision to appoint Robert Zoellick as the new World Bank president continued his pattern of promoting his loyalists to positions of power. Instead of selecting someone with a demonstrated commitment to alleviating global poverty or relinquishing the U.S. government's traditional right to appoint World Bank presidents, Bush stayed the course.
Since the mid-1980s, Zoellick has traveled the globe as a high government official in three Republican administrations – Reagan, GHW Bush, and GW Bush – and as an international banker with Goldman Sachs.
At a time when the global economy needs a new consensus about globalization and development, Zoellick brings to the world's largest development institution the standard formulas of the discredited Washington Consensus along with the baggage of U.S. national security doctrine. He defends both with an inflexible zealousness that has on occasion brought global negotiations to a grinding halt.
Zoellick as a Vulcan
Unlike his predecessor, Zoellick is not a neoconservative. But he was an early supporter of the neocon project that combined the idealism of a foreign policy based on U.S. moral values, backed by U.S. military superiority and unilateral action.
Along with Wolfowitz and many other future Bush administration officials, he signed two public letters from the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) that in 1998 urged President Clinton and congressional leaders to cast aside "a course of weakness and drift" and to militarily "remove Saddam Hussein and his regime from power."
When announcing his appointment, President Bush described Zoellick as a "committed internationalist." While it is true that, unlike many other administration officials, Zoellick doesn't have a long record of bashing multilateralism and international institutions, the PNAC letter signed by this "committed internationalist" advocated that the U.S. government bypass the UN Security Council.
By 2000 the neocons and hardliners like Zoellick began coalescing around Bush's candidacy. He formed part of the Vulcans, a small group of advisers led by Condoleezza Rice that charted their candidate's foreign policy positions. Zoellick's fellow Vulcans included such prominent neocons as Richard Perle and Paul Wolfowitz together with Dov Zakheim, Stephen Hadley, Robert Armitage, and Robert Blackwill.
Zoellick has been often described as one of the most competent and pragmatic Bush administration officials, receiving high marks from the media for his record as U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) and his short stint as Secretary of State Rice's top deputy. A keen strategist rather than an ideologue, Zoellick was one of the first to outline the radical dimensions of the new Republican national security doctrine.
In a January 2000 Foreign Affairs essay, Zoellick argued for a foreign policy based on U.S. military preeminence and on "the appeal of the country's ideas."
"A modern Republican foreign policy," wrote Zoellick, "recognizes that there is still evil in the world – people who hate America and what it stands for." He warned that "people driven by enmity or by a need to dominate will not respond to reason or goodwill." Zoellick, however, was not referring to nonstate terrorists but to "enemies" like Iraq "who are hard at work to develop nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons."
In his outline of a new Republican foreign policy, Zoellick argued for a more integrated national security strategy in which trade would have a central place in building a new American century. But he took issue with the Clinton administration's expansive trade policy, contending that social and environmental issues had no place in trade agreements.
Zoellick, who was a lead player in the NAFTA negotiations during the elder Bush's administration, called for an aggressive new trade policy led by a renewal of "fast track" or trade promotion authority for the executive branch.
Fighting Terror with Trade
The 9/11 terrorist attacks gave the Bush administration the opportunity to fast-forward its foreign policy agenda, not only for regime change in Iraq but also for "fast-track" and free trade. Nine days after the attacks, Zoellick in a Washington Post op-ed titled "Fighting Terror with Trade" wrote: "Our response has to counter fear and panic, and counter it with free trade."
A few days later, in a speech at the Institute for International Economics, Zoellick extended his argument that trade is a weapon in the war against terrorism because it "promotes values at the heart of this protracted struggle." To that end, Zoellick made the case that congressional approval of "fast-track" authority was essential not only to the administration's newly launched war on terror but also to U.S. leadership in the global economy.
Appointed USTR by President George W. Bush in February 2001, Zoellick adopted a two-edged strategy to drive down barriers to U.S. trade and investment – promoting multilateral economic liberalization through the World Trade Organization while at the same time aggressively seeking new bilateral free trade agreements. He called this strategy "competitive liberalization" and aimed to forge a "coalition of liberalizers" that would set the pace for liberalization reforms.
Although Zoellick was instrumental in relaunching multilateral trade/investment negotiations in 2001 with the kick-off of the Doha Development Round of WTO negotiations, he was only partially committed to the round's success. Prior to the critical September 2003 WTO ministerial in Cancun, Mexico, Zoellick in a Wall Street Journal (July 10) op-ed warned that the U.S. government wouldn't let the WTO's consensus procedures block "America's drive for global free trade."
As it turned out, the negotiations in Cancun broke down largely because the United States, together with the European Union, wouldn't accede to the developing country demands that the United States liberalize its own economy by cutting trade-distorting farm subsidies. Although posing as a free trader, Zoellick is an "America firster" who as USTR signed off on a subsidy-laden farm bill and protectionist tariffs for the steel industry.
Zoellick's patronizing attitude toward the less developed countries that wouldn't bow to U.S. demands at the 2003 WTO meeting highlighted his dubious commitment to development. In his view, what's good for the United States is good for the rest of the world. "The WTO's influence will wane if it comes to embody a new 'dependency theory' of trade, blaming developed countries …," wrote Zoellick prior to the ministerial.
After the talks broke down at the last hour in Cancun, Zoellick blamed the failure on the "won't do" countries that obstructed the will of the "can do" countries. "We're going to keep opening markets one way or another," warned Zoellick.
Cheerleader for Latin American Revolutions
As he takes over the helm of the badly fractured World Bank, Robert Zoellick faces a growing Latin American backlash against the international financial institutions and the type of economic policies that he and the bank have long championed.
In a May 2002 speech at the corporate Council of the Americas, Zoellick outlined the standard conservative philosophy about Latin America development. He praised the "twin revolutions" of political and economic reform that were "sweeping through the region."
In Zoellick's view, unlike previous Latin American revolutions these were "revolutions of ideas" and were peaceful. The centerpiece of both revolutions was free trade, according to Zoellick. "Free trade is about more than economic efficiency," declared Zoellick. "It is about openness, about the right of individuals and associations to make choices."
What is more, he said, "By diffusing economic decisions, free trade and free markets reduce the ability of people in high places to use power to strengthen privilege."
Zoellick began to promote free trade agreements throughout Latin America and the Caribbean even before becoming USTR. He was a principal player in sealing the NAFTA agreement with Mexico during the George HW Bush administration.
Later he was the standard bearer of the campaign to wrap the Americas in U.S.-dominated free trade under a NAFTA upgrade called the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA).
While the main goal remained the FTAA, Zoellick initiated bilateral free trade negotiations with an array of Latin American nations eager to gain secured access to the U.S. market, and he signed FTAs with Chile, the Dominican Republic, and five Central American nations.
Along the way, however, Zoellick had to confront the fact that the economic liberalization policies that the U.S. government had fostered in the Americas were creating a backlash against neoliberal reforms and the political parties that had sponsored them.
While some governments such as Colombia's and Peru's are still eager to cement FTAs with the United States, a surge of left-centrist governments have explicitly rejected the free trade revolution that Zoellick had predicted would sweep the entire continent.
At the end of Zoellick's tenure in late 2005, the FTAA was dead and the Doha negotiations stalled, as the industrial world continued to refuse to make concessions to the poor and developing nations.
Now, as he begins his new job at the World Bank, Zoellick not only faces skepticism about his theory of free trade revolutions but also a widening rejection of the international financial institutions.
Several nations, notably Argentina and Brazil, have over the past couple of years intentionally distanced themselves from the International Monetary Fund by paying off their debts ahead of schedule.
Signaling the discontent with the World Bank's onerous conditionality, Ecuador's president Rafael Correa earlier this year declared the multilateral bank's country representative "persona non grata" in this Andean country.
Another sign of dissatisfaction with the World Bank was the recent decision by Bolivia, Venezuela, and Nicaragua to withdraw from the bank's arbitration body. The withdrawing nations, echoing a widely shared observation, charged that the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes favored the interests of the world's wealthiest nations.
In a move to chart financial and developmental paths independent of the World Bank and the IMF, several South American nations have recently created a new regional financial institution. Formed by Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Venezuela, the upstart Banco del Sur is a project of a group of Latin American nations that are increasingly willing to buck U.S. control and join hands with Venezuela on regional projects. Other countries, such as Mexico and Colombia, dismiss Banco del Sur as a political project of oil-rich Venezuela.
Going into his new job as World Bank president, Zoellick urgently needs to establish a new consensus within the dispirited, directionless multilateral bank. But his conviction that U.S.-led coalitions of those who "can do" the American way will override those who "won't do" what Washington mandates doesn't bode well for the emergence of a new post-Wolfowitz consensus at the World Bank.
In the end, Zoellick's instrumentalist approach to multilateralism, belief in U.S. exceptionalism, and his trade-centered philosophy of development are about all one could expect from the administration that appointed him.
Tom Barry is a senior analyst with the Americas Program (www.americaspolicy.org) at the Center for International Policy (www.ciponline.org) in Washington, DC.
