Cesare Battisti, a member of Italy’s Armed Proletarians for Communism (PAC), lives comfortably in Brazil, thanks to former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. The iconic former head of state signed a decree on his last day as president in December 2010, which stated that Battisti could not be extradited to Italy, where he would face life imprisonment.
Battisti was convicted of committing four murders throughout Italy’s anni di piombo (years of the lead), a period of almost unexampled criminal violence in the country that lasted from the late 1960s to early 1980s.
The Battisti affair has since become an episodic thorn in Rome’s side with respect to its relations with Brasília; yet this debacle has far from ended the Italian government and business community from increasing their ties with the Western Hemisphere, especially the Portuguese-speaking giant.
Whether Dilma Rousseff’s presidency or the next Brazilian head of state will (or should) extradite Battisti to Italy remains to be seen, though it is doubtful. This means that Battisti, a convicted murderer, may live out the rest of his days in a cushy exile in Brazil, instead of serving hard time for the crimes he committed.
A Brief Background
Plenty has been written about Battisti’s life, his outrageous delinquencies, his literary career (he is the author of over a dozen books), and his trials. After his murder convictions, Battisti escaped from an Italian prison and ended up in Mexico, where he founded the magazine, Via Libre.
Eventually Battisti made his way to France but then fled to Brazil in 2004 after French institutions conceded the prospect of extradition to Rome. In 2007, he was arrested by Brazilian authorities, and he was later tried and convicted of entering the country illegally.
On December 31, 2010, the final day of the Lula presidency, the outgoing president signed a decree that prohibited Battisti from being extradited.
Battisti has not denied being a member of the PAC, but he maintains his innocence regarding the four assassinations. He has argued that “in my case, there was a sort of artificial operation that created, from one day to another, the monster Cesare Battisti.” [1]
The 2009 and 2011 Flare Ups
Lula’s decision not to extradite Battisti to Italy provoked two minor international incidents between Rome and Brasília in 2009 and again in 2011. Tensions escalated in 2009 when former Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi recalled the Italian ambassador to Brazil after negotiations failed to have Battisti extradited.
At the time, then-Italian Foreign Minister Franco Frattini criticized Brazil’s decision to provide a safe haven for Battisti, stating that, “Battisti is a terrorist who does not deserve at all the status of political refugee.” [2]
On the other hand, then-Brazilian President Lula da Silva declared that his ruling to allow Battisti to stay in his country “was a sovereign choice that states can make. Italian authorities may like it or not, but they will have to respect it.” [3]
The situation further became a judicial and diplomatic imbroglio when, in 2009, Battisti was granted the status of political refugee by Brazilian Minister of Justice, Tarso Genro.
This development occurred after his initial request for asylum was denied by the National Committee for Refugees on the grounds that Battisti had been convicted in his absence. Genro declared Battisti a political refugee based on the use of unreliable evidence in his trial. [4]
In June 2011, the diplomatic row between the two countries escalated when Battisti was freed from his Brazilian cell where he had spent four years. The Brazilian Supreme Court (voting six in favor and three against) decided that Italy did not have any legitimacy in its claims to have him extradited to Rome and that these demands could not overrule Lula’s previous decree. [5]
At the time, then-Italian President Giorgio Napolitano declared that, “I do not understand Lula,” while other high-ranking Italian government officials also argued that this move would hurt bilateral relations. [6]
It is worth noting that when the non-extradition decision was made, posters appeared throughout Italy urging the government to boycott the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which will be held in Brazil. [7]
But it is impossible to think that, given the importance of soccer in Italy, the government and national team will decide to boycott a trip to soccer’s most important tournament because of Battisti. [8] Currently, Italy is ranked first in Group B of the European qualifiers, and it is likely that they will participate in the World Cup.
As for Battisti, he is enjoying the “good life”. He apparently lives in an exclusive residential area in São Paulo and in early 2012 he published a new book, Ao Pé do Muro (At the Foot of the Wall)(issued by the Brazilian publishing house Martins Fontes). [9] In early January 2013, there were rumors that Battisti was hired as an advisor for Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT), a Brazilian labor union, but CUT officials have been quick to deny these allegations. [10]
Why Didn’t Brazil Extradite Battisti?
It is unclear why Lula became obsessed with Battisti and refused to send him to Italy – after all, not only was Battisti found guilty of his crimes, but the diplomatic incident also temporarily affected relations between Rome and Brasília.
A December 31, 2010 article by the British daily The Guardian, argued that, “while Lula was not particularly sympathetic to Battisti, he had been irritated by Italian demands […] The move had spared his successor, Dilma Rousseff, any political fallout early in her government.” [11]
Another reason for Lula’s support for Battisti may have to do with the former president’s political party, the Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers Party – PT). Scholars have mused that the PT may have some members sympathetic to the Italian and ultimately convinced Lula that he should come to his aid.
This argument is supported by a Brazilian scholar very knowledgeable on the Battisti affair, who explained to the author of this analysis that “I do not believe that Dilma or another PT president will deport Battisti. The party has many leaders who were members of armed left-wing groups which fought against the military dictatorship, and they see similar movements in Latin America and Europe as allies, even when the historical context was very different.” [12]
Moreover, Rousseff, also belongs to the PT, so Lula may have decided to deal with Battisti so his successor would not have to address a potentially embarrassing situation at the dawn of her presidency.
Finally, Gabriel Elizondo, Al Jazeera staff correspondent based in São Paulo, also wrote on the Battisti affair for his publication’s blog post in June 2011. The reporter explained that another reason why high Brazilian policymakers chose not to extradite Battisti was because they “saw no legal premise to extradite him and the government felt no international laws or norms were broken or jeopardized. So in this sense, it was very much a Brazilian decision. Sovereignty is a word used a lot to describe it here.” [13]
Finally, Elizondo argues that “there is nothing Italy can do to substantially punish Brazil either economically or diplomatically. Already Italy has said they won’t break off economic ties with Brazil.” [14]
Indeed, as we will see in a later section of this research paper, the Italian government and private companies are actually trying to increase ties with Brazil, rather than attempting to use “soft power,” (i.e. a commercial embargo) to get Battisti back to Italy.
Italy and the Western Hemisphere
Battisti’s status in Brazil has not affected Italy’s foreign policy towards the Western Hemisphere. Although not as extensive as Latin America’s relationships with other extra-hemispheric nations (such as Russia, China or the United Kingdom), Italy’s relations with the region are noteworthy.
For example, Argentine President Christina Fernandez de Kirchner traveled to Rome in mid-2011 and met with then-Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Italy and Argentina have a long history, particularly due to the overwhelming migration of Italian nationals to Argentina during the first half of the 20th century.
However, relations between the two governments reached a low point after the 2001 Argentine debt crisis. Hence, Kirchner’s trip was important as it was a symbolic way to strengthen relations once again — the last time an Argentine president went to Italy was President Eduardo Duhalde in 2002. [15]
Just prior to Kirchner’s trip to Rome, then-Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Franco Frattini visited Buenos Aires and met with his Argentine counterpart, Hector Timerman. In a joint press conference, the high-level officials praised bilateral relations, including 12 agreements signed during Frattini’s trip, which addressed issues concerning cooperation on energy and technology, among other issues. [16]
Thanks to soccer diplomacy, Buenos Aires-Rome relations may receive a boost in morale and image, as the national soccer teams of both states are planning to play a friendly match in the near future in Italy. [17] The match is meant to celebrate the election of the Argentine Jorge Bergoglio as the new Pope.
Meanwhile, Mexico is also attempting to strengthen its ties with Italy. For example, in May 2012, then-Mexican Foreign Affairs Minister Patricia Espinosa traveled to Rome and met with her Italian counterpart, Giulio Terzi. The two officials signed agreements to strengthen political, economic, cultural, and security relations, while declaring their joint support for a reform of the U.N. Security Council. [18]
During the visit, Terzi declared that trade between the two countries had reached $500 million USD in 2011. For its part, the Mexican Agency PROMexico, which aims to attract foreign direct investment to Mexico as well as the internationalization of Mexican companies, explains on its official website that Italy ranks as Mexico’s 12th largest trading partner worldwide. [19]
Military cooperation, including arms sales, is a particular area where cooperation has increased between Italy and Latin American governments. For example, in 2004, Italy sold four Lupo-type frigates to Peru. [20] Then in mid-2011, the Mexican government bought four C27J transport planes from Alenia Aeronautica (a branch of Finmeccanica). [21]
Also in 2011, Panama received two Agusta Westland AW139 helicopters, also constructed by Finmeccanica. [22] More recently, in February 2013, the Italian weapons manufacturing company Beretta donated an ARX-160 rifle and a GLX-160 grenade launcher to the Argentine army.
The goal is that the Argentine Special Forces will test and evaluate these weapons and see if they fulfill their operational requirements, which could lead to an eventual weapons order. [23] The Argentine military also recently agreed to acquire 20 helicopters, type AB 206, from Italy. [24]
Moreover, the Peruvian government signed a memorandum of understanding to promote military cooperation between Peru and Italy in 2011. [25] A new rapprochement occurred last September 2012, when the Italian ambassador to Peru, Guglielmo Ardizzone, and the Peruvian Defense Minister, Pedro Cateriano, met in the headquarters of the Peruvian army. [26]
For some time, the Peruvian government has declared its intention to obtain new military hardware, which may include purchasing Italian frigates (Maestrale-type). [27] While no decision has been made thus far, high-profile meetings are ongoing and hint at the possibility of closer military ties, particularly via arms sales, between Lima and Rome.
Finally, it is important to highlight that there have been some political crises between Rome and Latin America. Namely, in April 2012, Valter Lavitola, entrepreneur and former editor of the online daily Avanti, was arrested on charges of offering bribes to the president of Panama for construction contracts. The development proved to be an embarrassment for the Italian government as Lavitola was a close associate of former Prime Minister Berlusconi.
Italy and Brazil
Italian companies have been trying to enter the Brazilian market in recent years, due to the South American country’s economic growth. For example, Franco Bernabè, the president of Telecom Italia, declared in 2011 that he wanted his telecommunications company to expand relations with Brazil and Argentina. [28]
He explained that both countries “are the most important in Latin America,” and that both have a plethora of resources that “if they are properly managed” can be very useful to economic development. In addition, an Italian trade mission travelled to Brazil in May 2012. The delegation included members of the regional government of Regione Liguria—a region in the northwest of Italy.
During the trip, the association Ligurian Ports signed an agreement with the Brazilian Santos Port Authority to improve cooperation between these trans-Atlantic port regions. [29]
It is worth adding that Italian-Brazilian military cooperation has not fundamentally suffered because of the Battisti affair. For instance, in July 2012, then-Italian Defense Minister Giampaolo Di Paola traveled to Brasília and met with his Brazilian counterpart, Celso Amorim. During the goodwill visit, Di Paola expressed his country’s interest in embarking on joint ventures with the Brazilian navy to construct warships and other vessels in Brazil (as compared to Rome selling Italian warships to Brazil). [30]
Brazil and Italy have already established a generally successful record of military partnerships. A prime example was the AMX project, a joint Italian-Brazilian program to create a lead-in fighter trainer and light attack category aircraft. The project was carried out by Brazil’s lead military industry, Empresa Brasileira de Aeronautica SA (Embraer) and Italy’s Aermacchi in the late 1980s. [31]
Whether Brazil’s ongoing weapons purchases are part of a South American arms race, or if they are even appropriate given Brazil’s security situation will not be discussed here. Nevertheless, it is worthy to highlight that the country enjoys close relations with its neighbors and its security concerns are arguably more internal-security related than the possibility of inter-state warfare breaking with another country. [32]
In any case, the arms sales industry is potentially worth millions of dollars and the Brazilian government and military will certainly want to acquire more high-tech weapons to cement the country’s status as a military power (i.e the country is building four diesel-electric submarines in cooperation with France) as well as to evolve into a major weapons supplier. [33]
Hence, it is no great surprise that the Battisti affair is intentionally being brushed over by both Brasília and Rome in order not to affect military relations and the potential of huge profits for Italian companies in future weapons sales to the South American powerhouse.
Battisti’s (Comfortable) Future
It is highly debatable if Battisti will ever be extradited back to Italy to pay for the crimes for which he has been found guilty. Rouseff has not addressed his guest’s fate and will probably stay away from discussing it. Meanwhile, the Battisti affair has become more of an episodic rallying cry for successive Italian governments, but this has not affected daily relations between Italy and Brazil, much less with the rest of the Western Hemisphere. The Battisti crisis may certainly flare up again in the following years but it is hardly a contemporary pressing issue for either Brasília or Rome.
Nevertheless the Battisti affair could become a diplomatic obstacle in further joint projects and agreements between Brazil and the European Union, of which Italy is a member.
Moreover, the Battisti affair could come back to haunt Brazil if the government is perceived by the international community of not cooperating to combat international criminal organizations, particularly that originate from Italy and operate in Latin America (i.e. Italian Mafia members have been recently arrested in Colombia). [34]
In any case, if Italy does qualify for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Battisti would be well advised to avoid going to any of Italy’s matches.
References
[1] Lissardy, Gerardo, “Cesare Battisti, el escritor que escapo de la cadena perpetua,” BBC Mundo, March 12, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2012/03/120312_entrevista_battisti_italia_brasil_aw.shtml
[2] “Brasil e Italia, cerca de la ruptura de relaciones diplomáticas por la extradicion de un terrorista,” Perfil.com. Internacional, Polemica Judicial, January 28, 2009, http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2009/01/28/noticia_0006.htmlth
[3] “Brasil e Italia, cerca de la ruptura de relacionesdiplomaticaspor la extradicion de un terrorista,” Perfil.com. Internacional, Polemica Judicial, January 28, 2009, http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2009/01/28/noticia_0006.htmlth
[4] Goes, Paula, “Brazil: Extradition refusal threatens relations with Italy,” Global Voices – English, January 29, 2009, http://globalvoicesonline.org/2009/01/27/brazil-extradition-refusal-threatens-relations-with-italy/
[5] Geffroy, Lucie, “Battisti Libere, l’Italie degoutee,” Courrier International, Italie, June 9, 2011, http://www.courrierinternational.com/revue-de-presse/2011/06/09/battisti-libere-l-italie-degoutee
[6] Geffroy, Lucie, “Battisti Libere, l’Italie degoutee,” Courrier International, Italie, June 9, 2011, http://www.courrierinternational.com/revue-de-presse/2011/06/09/battisti-libere-l-italie-degoutee
[7] “Italianospedemqueselecaoboicote Copa de 2014,” Veja (Brazil), Esportes, Copa 2014, July 29, 2011, http://veja.abril.com.br/noticia/esporte/italianos-pedem-que-selecao-boicote-copa-de-2014
[8] “Qualifiers – Europe,” FIFA.com, 2014 Fifa World Cup Brazil, http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/europe/standings/index.html
[9] “Ao Pé do Muro,” Livraria da Folha, http://livraria.folha.com.br/catalogo/1177996/ao-pe-do-muro , Also see “Cesare Battisti lanca no Rio livro baseado em sua experiencia na prisao,” Folha de Sao Paulo, April 12, 2012, http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/1075378-cesare-battisti-lanca-no-rio-livro-baseado-em-sua-experiencia-na-prisao.shtml
[10] “CUT nega contratacao de Cesare Battisti,” Brasil247, January 11, 2013, http://www.brasil247.com/pt/247/brasil/90319/
[11] Hooper, John and Tom Philipps, “Lula sparks diplomatic spat with Italy over refusal to extradite killer,” The Guardian (UK), December 31, 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/31/brazil-lula-berlusconi-battisti-italy
[12] Brazilian scholar. E-mail interview with the author.” May 18, 2013.
[13] Elizondo, Gabriel, “Brazil and Battisti,” Al Jazeera, Blogs, June 10, 2011, http://blogs.aljazeera.com/blog/americas/brazil-and-battisti
[14] Elizondo, Gabriel, “Brazil and Battisti,” Al Jazeera, Blogs, June 10, 2011, http://blogs.aljazeera.com/blog/americas/brazil-and-battisti
[15] “Argentina e Italia relanzanrelacionesbilaterales,” El Pais (Uruguay), Ultimo Momento, June 1, 2011, http://historico.elpais.com.uy/110601/ultmo-570224/ultimomomento/Argentina-e-Italia-relanzan-relaciones-bilaterales/
[16] “Conferencia de prensa de los cancilleres de Argentina e Italia,” Casa Rosada/ Presidencia de la Nacion Argentina, Official Transcript, http://www.presidencia.gov.ar/informacion/conferencias/23184
[17] “Italia invito a Argentina a jugar un amistoso en honor al Papa,” El Clarin (Argentina), Deportes, April 2, 2013, http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Italia-Argentina-amistoso-homenaje-Papa_0_893910769.html
[18] Araujo, Estefany, “Italia y Mexico fortalecenrelacionesbilaterales,” Sexenio.Mx (Mexico), May 24, 2012, http://www.sexenio.com.mx/articulo.php?id=15509
[19] “Sintesis de la RelacionComercial Mexico – Italia,” PROMexico, Unidad de Inteligencia y Negocios, March 8, 2010, http://www.promexico.gob.mx/work/models/promexico/Resource/102/1/images/Italia.pdf
[20] “Compra de fragatasLupo mantendrá equilibriodisuasivo regional,” Peru 21, October 3, 2004, http://peru21.pe/noticia/40343/compra-fragatas-lupo-mantendra-equilibrio-disuasivo-regional
[21] “Mexico adquiere a la italianaAleniaAeronauticacuatroaviones de transportetactico C-27J,” Infodefensa.com, July 7, 2011, http://www.infodefensa.com/?noticia=mexico-adquiere-a-la-italiana-alenia-aeronautica-cuatro-aviones-de-transporte-tactico-c-27j
[22] “El ServicioNacionalAeronaval de Panama recibe dos nuevos helicópteros AgustaWestland AW139,” Infodefensa.com, April 25, 2013, http://www.infodefensa.com/?noticia=el-servicio-nacional-aeronaval-de-panama-recibe-dos-nuevos-helicopteros-agustawestland-aw139
[23] “El EjercitoArgentinoevaluafusiles GLX 160 y lanzagranadas ARX 160 de Beretta,” Infodefensa.com, February 4, 2013, http://www.infodefensa.com/?noticia=el-ejercito-argentino-evalua-fusiles-glx-160-y-lanzagranadas-arx-160-de-beretta
[24] “Italia cede 20 helicopteros AB206 al Ejercito de Argentina,” Infodefensa.com, May 20, 2013, http://www.infodefensa.com/?noticia=italia-cede-20-helicopteros-ab206-al-ejercito-de-argentina&categoria=&pais=Argentina
[25] “El poderEjecutivoperuanoenvia al Congreso un acuerdo de Cooperacion en Defensa con Italia ,” Infodefensa.com, October 11, 2011, http://www.infodefensa.com/?noticia=el-poder-ejecutivo-peruano-envia-al-congreso-un-acuerdo-de-cooperacion-en-defensa-con-italia
[26] Italia y Perufortalecenrelacionesbilaterales en materia de Seguridad y Defensa,” Infodefensa.com, September 13, 2012, http://www.infodefensa.com/?noticia=italia-y-peru-fortalecen-relaciones-bilaterales-en-materia-de-seguridad-y-defensa
[27] “Peru invertira 800 millones de dólares adicionales en la compra de equipos militares,” Infodefensa.com, July 10, 2012, http://www.infodefensa.com/?noticia=peru-invertira-800-millones-de-dolares-adicionales-en-la-compra-de-equipos-militares
[28] “Telecom Italia busca ‘relaciones mas intensas’ con Argentina y Brasil,” ElEconomista.ES (Spain), May 10, 2011, http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/interstitial/volver/canguroa13/flash/noticias/3056368/05/11/Telecom-Italia-busca-relaciones-mas-intensas-con-Argentina-y-Brasil-.html
[29] “Trade Mission to Brazil – Government, Regions and Chambers’ System,” Liguria International, http://www.liguriainternational.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=224%3Amissione-di-sistema-in-brasile&catid=1%3Ain-evidenza&lang=en
[30] “Italia ofrece a Brasilacuerdos de cooperacion en el Area de construccion naval military,” Infodefensa.com, July 3, 2012, http://www.infodefensa.com/?noticia=italia-ofrece-a-brasil-acuerdos-de-cooperacion-en-el-area-de-construccion-naval-militar
[31] “A-1M: Enhancing Brazil’s AMX Light Attack Fighters,” Defense Industry Daily, January 13, 2013, http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/elbit-enhancing-amx-aircraft-avionics-for-brazil-05151/
[32] For more information on Brazil’s inter-state relations, security issues and foreign policy goals, see: Sanchez, W. Alejandro, “”Brazil’s Grand Design for Combining Global South Solidarity and National Interests: A Discussion of Peacekeeping Operations in Haiti and Timor,” Globalizations, Volume 9, Issue 1, 2012 Special Issue, Pages 161-178 http://bit.ly/wj1bTI and Sanchez, W. Alejandro, “Whatever happened to South America’s splendid little wars?” Small Wars & Insurgencies, Volume 22, Issue 2. 2011, Pages 322 – 351, http://bit.ly/jVA8GK
[33] “Brazil & France in Deal for SSKs, SSN,” Defense Industry Daily, April 11, 2013, http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/brazil-france-in-deal-for-ssks-ssn-05217/
[34] Bargent, James, “Why has the Italian Mafia Returned to Colombia?” InsightCrime, May 16, 2013, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/why-has-the-italian-mafia-returned-to-colombia
W. Alejandro Sánchez is a Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs. The author would like to thank Filippo Ponz de Leon, COHA Research Associate, for his assistance fact-checking earlier drafts of this report.
